问题一、1、介词介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语介词口诀：自从以当为按照，由于对于为了到；和跟把比在关于，除了同对向往朝；用在名词代词前，修饰动形要记牢。1.表示地点位置的介词1)at ,in, on, toat(1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边”in(1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。on表示毗邻，接壤to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤He arrived at the station at ten.He is sitting at the desk.He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.Jiangsu lies in the east of China.Russia lies on the north of China.Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Province.2)above, over, on
在……上above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与 below相对；over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。 on表示某物体上面并与之接触。The bird is flying above my head.There is a bridge over the river.He put his watch on the desk.3)below, under
在……下面under表示在…正下方below表示在……下，不一定在正下方There is a cat under the table.Please write your name below the line.2.表示时间的介词1)in , on，at 在……时in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in the night, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等。on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。 如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas， at night, at noon, at this moment等。注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day.
2)in, after
在……之后“in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后；“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后；“after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后。My mother will come back in three or four days.He arrived after five months.
She will appear after five o’clock this afternoon. 3)from, since
自从……from仅说明什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久；since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用。
He studied the piano from the age of three.They have lived here since 1978.4)after, behind
在……之后after主要用于表示时间；behind主要用于表示位置。We shall leave after lunch.Lucy is hiding behind an old house.3.表运动方向的介词：across, through
通过，穿过across表示横过,即从物体表面通过，与on有关；through穿过,即从物体内部穿过，与in有关。She swam across the river.He walked through the forest.4.表示“在……之间”的介词：between, amongbetween指在两个人或两个事物之间；among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。There is a football match between Class One and Class Two on the playground.The teacher is standing among the students.5.表示其他意义的介词1)on ,about
关于on 表示这本书，这篇文章或演说是严肃的，或学术性的，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读；about表示内容较为普通，不那么正式。There will be a lecture on economics this afternoon.He is writing a book on cooking.He told me a lot about his life in the summer vocation.2)by, with, in
表示方法、手段、工具by 以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具；with 表示用 …工具、手段，一般接具体的工具和手段；in 表示用…方式，用…语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等；He makes a living by selling newspapers.He broke the window with a stone.The foreigner spoke to us in English.3)except, besides
除了except 除……之外，不包括在内；besides 除……之外，包括在内。Except Mr. Wang, we went to see the film.(王先生没去)Besides Mr. Wang, we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了)2、副词定 义:副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。 分 类:1) 时间和频度副词: now,then,often,always,usually,early,today, lately, next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday. 2) 地点副词: here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on. 3) 方式副词: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly 4) 程度副词: much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly. 5) 疑问副词: how, when, where, why. 6) 关系副词: when, where, why. 7) 连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether. 用 法:副词在句中可作状语,表语,短语。 He works hard. 他工作努力。 You speak English quite well. 你英语讲的很好。 Is she in ? 她在家吗? Let's be out. 让我们出去吧。 Food here is hard to get. 这儿很难弄到食物。 位 置:1) 多数副词都可以放在动词的后面,如果动词带有宾语,副词就放在宾语后面。 I get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。 He gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天给了我一件礼物。 She didn't drink water enough. 她没喝够水。 The train goes fast. 火车跑得快。 We can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。 They left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。 He has a new cat on today. 他今天戴了一顶新帽子。 I have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。 2) 副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。 It's rather easy, I can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。 He did it quite well. 他做得相当好。 It's rather difficult to tell who is right. 很难说谁是对的。 It's so important that I must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了，我得告诉我的朋友。 It's much better. 好多了。 3) 频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。 I often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。 I always remember the day when I first came to this school. 我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。 You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。 He seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。 We usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。 The new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。 4) 疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。 When do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习? Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗? First, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。 How much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱？ Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。 The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时，学生们正在读书。 5) 时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。 We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday. 昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了. What were you doing in the classroom yesterday evening? 昨天下午你在教室里干什么？ The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago. 一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。 比较等级:副词和形容词一样,也有它的比较级和最高级形式. 可以参考形容词的变换形式。但以词尾 -ly 结尾的副词（除 early ）须用 more 和 most 。 hard harder hardest fast faster fastest early earlier earliest muchmoremost warmlymore warmlymost warmly 单音节副词的比较级是在副词后面加上 -er 构成的，最高级是在副词后面加上 -est 构成的。 near nearer nearest hard harder hardest 多音节副词的比较级是在副词的前面加上 -more 构成的。 最高级是在副词前面加上 -most 构成的。 warmly
more warmly
most warmly successfullymore successfullymost successfully 有些副词的比较级和最高级形式是不规则的。 well-better - best little - less - least Much- more - most badly - worse - worst far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest) 副词的比较级和最高级用法同形容词的比较级用法基本一样。 最高级形式句中 the 可以省略。 He works harder than I. 他比我工作努力。 Lucy gets up earlier than Lili. 露西比丽丽起床早。 He runs fastest in our class. 他在我们班跑地最快。 He dives deeper than his teammates. 他比他的队员潜水深。 It's true that he speak English more fluently than any of us. 他英语讲的确实比我们任何人都好。 Our school team play football best in our region. 我们校队在我们地区足球踢得最好的。副词比较级和最高级的形式副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样 一般 副词 hard→harder →hardest fast→faster →fastest late→later →latest early→earlier →earliest 特殊 副词 well →better →best much →more →most badly →worse →worst little →less →least 但是，开放类副词即以后缀?ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加?er或?est，如 quickly →more quickly →most quickly quietly →more quietly →most quietly 〔注〕： early中的?ly不是后缀，故可以把?y变?i再加?er和?est
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