英中对照:欧美分子生物学者披露转基因不该回避的30个问题
来源：作者博客| 作者：蒋高明| 时间：2012年7月04日 09:03
蒋高明
感谢陈一文先生的辛勤翻译，我们得以了解欧学者对转基因神话的另类解读。下面所披露的内容见欧美国基因工程师综合报告《转基因神话及其真相》。
营养学教授、分子生物学家与作者玛丽昂·耐斯利对上述报告给予了高度评价：“在批评转基因食品方面，这是我所见到的最良好研究以及最为综合性的评述性报告。转基因的支持者能否提出同样好研究、综合性与有说服力的报告？对此我表示怀疑，但是希望他们能够做出这样的努力。在此同时，该报告对于需要对转基因食品进行标识提供了大量的理由。消费者有权选择。为了做出选择，我们首先需要知道。”
《转基因神话及其真相》的作者分别为：迈克尔·安东尼奥博士，分子遗传学研究者，英国国王学院伦敦医学院基因表达与疗法负责人；约翰·法甘博士是食物系统可持续、生物安全与转基因生物检测方面的权威性学者，他创立了“全球ID集团”，担任其首席科学家，这家公司及其子公司从事转基因生物食品检测与“无转基因”认证业务，在美国国家健康研究院（US National Institutes of Health，NIH）从事癌症研究，在康奈尔大学获生物化学与分子和细胞生物学博士学位；克莱尔·罗宾森，副博士，担任《地球开放式资源》的研究主任，具有公共健康、科学与政策以及环境领域调查性报告与交流方面的知识背景。
下面将欧美转基因业内人员对转基因真相评论的30个看点，详细信息请参考陈一文先生的博客。
30 News points from the report
《转基因神话及其真相》报告的的30个新看点
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0zd.html
1. Genetic engineering as used in crop development is not precise or predictable and has not been shown to be safe. The technique can result in the unexpected production of toxins or allergens in food that are unlikely to be spotted in current regulatory checks.
1、农作物开发中使用的转基因工程是不精确的，或不可预料的，而且没有表明安全。这种技术能导致食品中产生毒素或者致敏原，而且，现有监管性检查看来不能够发现它们。
2. GM crops, including some that are already in our food and animal feed supply, have shown clear signs of toxicity in animal feeding trials – notably disturbances in liver and kidney function and immune responses.
2、转基因作物，包括已经进入我们食品与饲料供应的某些种类，在动物喂食试验中已经显示出毒性的清楚迹象 – 而且特别干扰肝功能与肾脏功能以及免疫反应。
3. GM proponents have dismissed these statistically significant findings as “not biologically relevant/significant”, based on scientifically indefensible arguments.
3、转基因支持者们以“非生物学相关/显著”为理由不考虑这些统计显著的发现，他们的依据是科学上站不住脚的论点。
4. Certain EU-commissioned animal feeding trials with GM foods and crops are often claimed by GM proponents to show they are safe. In fact, examination of these studies shows significant differences between the GM-fed and control animals that give cause for concern.
4、欧盟委员会委托进行的某些转基因食品与转基因作物转基因喂食试验，转基因支持者们认为它们安全。事实上，对这些研究的审核发现转基因喂食与对照动物之间表明有令人担心的显著差别。
5. GM foods have not been properly tested in humans, but the few studies that have been carried out in humans give cause for concern.
5、转基因食品至今没有在人类中进行恰当的试验，但是，对人类已经进行了的数项研究提出了令人担心的依据。
6. The US FDA does not require mandatory safety testing of GM crops, and does not even assess the safety of GM crops but only “deregulates” them, based on assurances from biotech companies that they are “substantially equivalent” to their non-GM counterparts. This is like claiming that a cow with BSE is substantially equivalent to a cow that does not have BSE and is thus safe to eat! Claims of substantial equivalence cannot be justified on scientific grounds.
6、美国食品与药物管理署（FDA）对转基因作物不要求进行强制性的安全试验，甚至不评估转基因作物的安全性，而只是对它们“解除监管”，基于的是生物技术公司保证它们与非转基因对应作物“实质等同”。这就像声称患疯牛病（BSE）的一头牛与未患疯牛病的牛也“实质等同”一样因而可以安全食用！如此声称实质等同缺乏科学理由。
7. The regulatory regime for GM foods is weakest in the US, where GM foods do not even have to be assessed for safety or labelled in the marketplace, but in most regions of the world regulations are inadequate to protect people’s health from the potential adverse effects of GM foods.
7、对转基因食品的监管体制在美国最为薄弱。在美国，对转基因食品的安全性甚至不进行评估，在市场中也不进行标识，但是在世界大部分地区，对转基因食品的监管不足以保护人民免受转基因食品的潜在有害影响。
8. In the EU, where the regulatory system is often claimed to be strict, minimal pre-market testing is required for a GMO and the tests are commissioned by the same companies that stand to profit from the GMO if it is approved – a clear conflict of interest.
8、在人们往往称之为监管系统较严的欧盟，对转基因生物要求进行最低限度的进入市场前试验，但是这样的试验由一旦批准上市将从中获利的相同公司进行 – 这里存在着明显的利益冲突。
9. No long-term toxicological testing of GMOs on animals or testing on humans is required by any regulatory agency in the world.
9、世界各地任何监管机构都不要求对于转基因生物对动物进行长期毒理学试验，也不要求对人类进行试验。
10. Biotech companies have used patent claims and intellectual property protection laws to restrict access of independent researchers to GM crops for research purposes. As a result, limited research has been conducted on GM foods and crops by scientists who are independent of the GM industry. Scientists whose work has raised concerns about the safety of GMOs have been attacked and discredited in orchestrated campaigns by GM crop promoters.
10、生物技术公司利用专利要求与知识产权保护法律限制独立研究者为研究目的取得转基因作物。作为结果，独立于转基因产业的科学家们对转基因食品与转基因作物仅进行了有限的研究。从事研究工作对转基因生物安全性提出担心的科学家们遭到转基因作物推动者有组织毁坏声誉运动的攻击。
11. Most GM crops (over 75%) are engineered to tolerate applications of herbicides. Where such GM crops have been adopted, they have led to massive increases in herbicide use.
11、大部分转基因作物（超过75%）被转基因容忍喷洒除草剂。凡种植这种转基因作物的地方，都导致大量增加除草剂的使用量。
12. Roundup, the herbicide that over 50% of all GM crops are engineered to tolerate, is not safe or benign as has been claimed but has been found to cause malformations (birth defects), reproductive problems, DNA damage, and cancer in test animals. Human epidemiological studies have found an association between Roundup exposure and miscarriage, birth defects, neurological development problems, DNA damage, and certain types of cancer.
12、草甘膦除草剂农达，即全球种植的50%转基因作物所容忍的除草剂，不像所宣传的那样安全或者有益，反而在试验动物中被发现致畸形（生育缺陷）、造成生殖问题、致DNA损伤与治癌。人类流行病学研究发现草甘膦除草剂农达与流产、生育缺陷、神经发育问题、DNA损伤，以及某些种类癌症有关联。
13. A public health crisis has erupted in GM soy-producing regions of South America, where people exposed to spraying with Roundup and other agrochemicals sprayed on the crop report escalating rates of birth defects and cancer.
13、在南美洲转基因大豆种植区域已经发生公共健康危机，那里的民众暴露于喷洒到（抗除草剂转基因）作物上的草甘膦除草剂农达与其他农业化学品而且报告生育缺陷与癌症发生率正在增多。
14. A large number of studies indicate that Roundup is associated with increased crop diseases, especially infection with Fusarium, a fungus that causes wilt disease in soy and can have toxic effects on humans and livestock.
14、大量的研究表明草甘膦除草剂与增加发生的农作物疾病相关联，特别是感染镰刀霉，这是一种造成大豆落叶病的真菌，而且对人类与家畜可能造成中毒影响。
15. Bt insecticidal GM crops do not sustainably reduce pesticide use but change the way in which pesticides are used: from sprayed on, to built in.
15、转入杀虫Bt基因的转基因作物并不能持续性减少农药使用，只是改变了使用农药的方式：原先是喷洒到农作物上，改为在农作物内部产生。
16. Bt technology is proving unsustainable as pests evolve resistance to the toxin and secondary pest infestations are becoming common.
16、随着害虫进化了应付Bt毒素的抗性，次要害虫横行越来越普遍，转基因Bt技术已经证实不可持续性。
17. GM proponents claim that the Bt toxin engineered into GM plants is safe because the natural form of Bt, long used as a spray by conventional and organic farmers, has a history of safe use. But the GM forms of Bt toxins are different from the natural forms and could have different toxic and allergenic effects.
17、转基因支持者宣称转入转基因作物的Bt毒素是安全的，传统的以及有机农民长期以来喷洒自然形式的Bt毒素，使其有安全使用的历史。但是，转基因形式的Bt毒素与天然形式的Bt毒素有很大差别，可造成不同的毒性与过敏性影响。
18. GM Bt toxin is not limited in its toxicity to insect pests. GM Bt crops have been found to have toxic effects on laboratory animals in feeding trials.
18、转基因Bt毒素的毒性不限于对昆虫害虫。在喂食试验中，转基因Bt作物已经发现对实验室动物有毒性作用。
19. GM Bt crops have been found to have toxic effects on non-target organisms in the environment.
19、转基因Bt作物已经发现对环境中非目标生物有毒性。
20. Bt toxin is not fully broken down in digestion and has been found circulating in the blood of pregnant women in Canada and in the blood supply to their foetuses.
20、Bt毒素发现在消化过程中并未完全分解，在加拿大怀孕妇女的循环血液以及供给她们胎儿的血液中发现有Bt毒素。
21. The no-till method of farming promoted with GM herbicide-tolerant crops, which avoids ploughing and uses herbicides to control weeds, is not more climate-friendly than ploughing. No-till fields do not store more carbon in the soil than ploughed fields when deeper levels of soil are measured.
21、与抗除草剂转基因作物一起促进的免耕法作业，不用耕耘土地并且使用除草剂治理野草，已经不再比耕耘法更为气候友好。对更深层的土壤进行检测证实，免耕法并不比经耕耘农田在土壤中更多储碳。
22. No-till increases the negative environmental impacts of soy cultivation, because of the herbicides used.
22、免耕法反而增加土壤耕作的负面环境影响，因为使用除草剂。
23. Golden Rice, a beta-carotene-enriched rice, is promoted as a GM crop that could help malnourished people overcome vitamin A deficiency. But Golden Rice has not been tested for toxicological safety, has been plagued by basic development problems, and, after more than 12 years and millions of dollars of research funding, is still not ready for the market. Meanwhile, inexpensive and effective solutions to vitamin A deficiency are available but under-used due to lack of funding.
23、“金稻米”，富集beta-胡萝卜素稻米，是一种以“可以帮助缺乏营养的民众克服维生素A缺乏症”为理由推动的转基因作物。但是，到目前为止还没有进行毒理学安全性试验这种“金稻米”，受到基本型发育问题的拖累，自开放以来12年期间投入了数百万美元，依然没有能够准备好进入市场。在此同时，解决维生素A缺乏症的更无便宜与有效的方案可以应用，却因为缺乏资金应用不足。
24. GM crops are often promoted as a “vital tool in the toolbox” to feed the world’s growing population, but many experts question the contribution they could make, as they do not offer higher yields or cope better with drought than non-GM crops. Most GM crops are engineered to tolerate herbicides or to contain a pesticide – traits that are irrelevant to feeding the hungry.
24、有人往往作为“工具箱”中解决世界人口增长“必不可少的工具”的理由推动转基因作物，但是许多专家对转基因作物能够做的贡献提出质疑，因为转基因作物并不比非转基因传统作物提供更高的产量，也不比非转基因传统作物更能适应干旱的气候。绝大部分转基因作物被基因工程为容忍喷洒除草剂或者内含杀虫剂—这些品种与解决饥饿问题毫无关系。
25. High adoption of GM crops among farmers is not a sign that the GM crop is superior to non-GM varieties, as once GM companies gain control of the seed market, they withdraw non-GM seed varieties from the market. The notion of “farmer choice” does not apply in this situation.
25、转基因作物在农民们中的较高应用比例，并非转基因作物优于非转基因传统作物的信号，因为，转基因公司一旦控制种子市场，他们将非转基因传统作物种子撤出市场。“农民的选择”的传统概念在这种状况下根本不适用。
26. GM contamination of non-GM and organic crops has resulted in massive financial losses by the food and feed industry, involving product recalls, lawsuits, and lost markets.
26、对非转基因传统作物与有机作物的转基因污染对食品行业与饲料行业造成了巨额经济损伤，涉及产品召回、法律诉讼以及丢失市场。
27. When many people read about high-yielding, pest- and disease -resistant, drought-tolerant, and nutritionally improved super-crops, they think of GM. In fact, these are all products of conventional breeding, which continues to outstrip GM in producing such crops. The report contains a long list of these conventional crop breeding successes.
27、当许多人读到高产量、抗害虫以及抗疾病、抗旱、营养改进优良作物的报道，他们误认为这是转基因作物的优点。事实上，具有这些优点的农作物都是传统培育的农作物，在培育这样的作物方面继续远远领先于转基因作物。《转基因神话及其真相》报告列出传统农作物培育这方面一系列成就。
28. Certain “supercrops” have been claimed to be GM successes when in fact they are products of conventional breeding, in some cases assisted by the non-GM biotechnology of marker assisted selection.
28、某些“超级作物”宣称转基因的成功，但事实上它们是传统育种的产品，而且某些情况下获得非转基因生物技术标记物辅助选择的帮助。
29. Conventional plant breeding, with the help of non-GM biotechnologies such as marker assisted selection, is a safer and more powerful method than GM to produce new crop varieties required to meet current and future needs of food production, especially in the face of rapid climate change.
29、传统作物育种，获得例如标记物辅助选择的非转基因生物技术的帮助，是培育满足食品生产新品种更为安全与更为有有效的方法，面临快速气候变化情况下尤其如此。
30. Conventionally bred, locally adapted crops, used in combination with agroecological farming practices, offer a proven, sustainable approach to ensuring global food security.
30、传统方式培育、适应于当地情况的作物，同时采用农业生态作业方式，对于保障全球食物安全提供经过证实了的可持续途径。
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