求一段文字的翻译：
Introduction
Parenting children is influenced by an individual's experience both as a child and as an adult
and is modified by social support, personality, temperament, stress, acceptance of the use of
corporal punishment, and child characteristics (Bavolek, 1999). Adults parent children using
techniques learned from a variety of informal sources, including their experience as children,
advice from grandparents, friends, medical providers and the community. Empathy, temperament
and personality modify the complex parent–child interactions that provide a nurturing environment
for the optimal growth and development of children.
Dysfunctions in parenting or parent–child bonding can have devastating effects on child
growth and development (AAP, 1998, 1999; Socolar, Winsor, Hunter, Catellier, & Kotch, 1999).
This may begin in infancy with manifestations of classic non-organic failure to thrive and can
continue through childhood with developmental delays and disorders, oppositional and defiant
behaviors, conduct disorders, juvenile delinquency and adult criminality (Hawkins et al., 2000;
Seymour, 1998). Corporal punishment has been noted to contribute to a variety of negative
outcomes in adults, including emotional problems, post-traumatic stress disorders, poor interpersonal
relationships, job dysfunction, sociopathy and excessive use of violence (Banks, 2002;
Bauman, 1998). It can cause bruises, fractures and other serious childhood injuries (Whipple &
Richey, 1997). Parents' belief in and use of corporal punishment are also modified in a multifactorial
manner, being strongly influenced by a parent's experience as a child and family
acceptance of physical discipline (Straus, Sugarman, & Giles-Sims, 1997). Both cognitive and
affective factors can lead to the use of corporal punishment by mothers, and parents motivated to
change can substantially reduce the risk of later maltreatment after a cognitive intervention (Ateah
& Durrant, 2005; Littell & Girvin, 2005).
Inmates and substance abusing adults are at high risk for a variety of sociobehavioral problems
and poor outcomes which can adversely affect their parenting skills (Beatty, 1997).
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