解读频率值 我相信大多数读者都曾看到过甚至亲身参与过关于实际频率与标称频率这两种命名方式孰优孰劣的大讨论。为什么有许多人异常坚决的认定某款实际频率为2.4GHz的处理器就一定比另一款3.4GHz的处理器性能更好呢?而又是为什么许多情况下一些测试软件的结果显示,某款实际频率较低的处理器其得分会超过另一款主频更高的处理器呢?如果我说是处理器的时钟频率决定了它的工作性能,你一定会对我的观点表示惊讶,那么到底是什么决定着CPU的性能呢?好了,让我们从长计议。 几年来,处理器市场上两家巨头你争我夺,互不相让。有那么很长的一段时间,intel被公认是最佳处理器产品的不二选择,但是为什么时至今日这个格局已经不在如初了呢?而且从目前的市场形势来看,Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)已经受到了市场的青睐。市场的变化规律总是惊人的相似。依稀还记得当年intel凭借Pentium系列和Pentium II称雄处理器市场,其地位之稳固根本无人可与匹敌。正当intel一家独大,傲视群雄的时候,AMD出现了。K6系列处理器是AMD进军处理器市场的第一步棋,尽管以K6的实力还远不足以撼动intel的领先地位,但它却给AMD的成长打下了坚实的根基。随着新千年的临近,市场风云变幻,两家公司被推到了市场的最前沿,Pentium III系列处理器一路高歌猛进,而AMD阵营也靠着Athlon的不俗表现赢得了市场的尊重和礼遇。就在二十一世纪依始,intel向全球发布了它的Pentium 4系列处理器。该产品系列的起始工作频率为1.4和1.5GHz。而与之频率相当的Athlon处理器还在性能上能够与之匹敌。不过intel显然不希望有别的企业站出来推翻它的垄断地位,搅乱它所制定的市场规则。自2001年起,Pentium 4系列产品的工作频率迅速提升,此举使得intel在芯片主频上把AMD的产品远远的甩在了后面。而此时的AMD似乎更加注重低端市场的占有率,它们发布的Duron 1.0GHz市场反响及其强烈,而相反,当intel产品的主频如受到催化般的迅速提升,并在2001年八月达到2.0GHz的时候,AMD在高端市场上还没有任何动静。其实事实往往出乎人的意料,1.4GHz Athlon处理器在某些方面的测试成绩已经超过了1.8GHz Pentium 4。虽然有着400MHz的主频差距,但是这一结果显示,CPU的工作频率并非决定其性能表现的唯一要素。而随着Athlon XP系列产品的出现,这一现象在动辄以GHz为频率单位的产品中,越发明显的表现出来。解读频率值(续)由于意识到了通常在消费者的印象中低主频就意味着低性能,AMD改变了其CPU产品的命名规则,将其产品标称一个与对手产品主频相当的型号。例如Athlon XP 2000+的实际主频为1.67GHz,而其2000+的标称就与Pentium 4的2.0GHz相对应。而之后出现的情况就是,许多实际主频相对较低的甚至连标称频率都较低的Athlon XP处理器却在测试成绩上超过了实际频率更高的Pentium 4,例如Athlon XP 2500+在一些方面的测试成绩甚至要超过2.8GHz的Pentium 4。在一些测试中,其所使用的程序在设计上本身就偏重于Pentium 4架构特点的发挥,这样就更加使得AMD产品的良好性能表现得以被认可。这些软件主要集中在多媒体和音、视频处理领域。intel仍然得到重家测试软件厂商的追捧,而且众多软件厂商也都会为了各自的利益不断推出更加优秀的产品,然而这些厂商的疑虑却也在逐渐加深:为什么高主频的处理器产品其性能表现反而会不如低主频的产品呢?举个例子,除去主频之外,核心架构也是衡量CPU好坏的一个重要指标,相同主频但架构不同的处理器之间也会有一些性能表现的差异。而核心架构决定着处理器工作的时钟频率和每时钟周期实际执行指令数(IPC)。CPU的流水线越长其工作频率就会越高。但增加流水线的长度也会带来一些坏处,因为流水线越长,单条指令的执行时间就越长。结果,Athlon XP架构由于拥有较短的流水线,虽然其工作频率较低,但却可以在单位时间内执行更多的指令。你也许会感到奇怪为什么时钟频率看上去显得比IPC更加重要。这是因为,首先IPC只告诉你单位时间内CPU可以执行的指令数,但是它却不能直观的显示产品的实际性能。而大家所熟知的GHz或者MHz这样的频率单位却能告诉你这个处理器的大体性能会是怎样的,只是还需要一个能够衡量产品性能性能表现的标准。解读频率值(举例)我们就来举AMD的例子,它采用PR值为自己的产品命名。从下面列举的数字中,你可以知道一些很有意义的信息——产品的时钟频率和IPC.Athlon XP 2400+: 9 IPC, 2000MHzIntel Pentium 4 2.4GHz: 6 IPC, 2400MHz如果你拿IPC和时钟频率相乘,你可以得到另外一个指数,权且不给这个指数下什么定义。经过这个计算,你会发现Athlon XP 2400+得到了一个18000的数值,这要比Pentium 4 2.4GHz处理器的14400高。那么结果你就应该可以料到Athlon XP 2400+可能会比对方的性能表现更好。但是,在一些多媒体程序应用中,Pentium 4的长流水线架构是颇受青睐的,而此时方才得到那个指数值就不起什么作用了。而除去多媒体应用外,我们举例中的方法还有一点缺陷,就是它并没有将各种不同核心架构的优缺点记入在内,这样你也就只能凭借频率和IPC值来评价一款处理器的好坏了。但是从某种角度说,这种方法确实还是有一定的参考价值的。总而言之,在评价一款CPU的好坏时,你不能只盯住它的工作频率不放,相反的,你应该综合考虑CPU的时钟频率,IPC数值,以及产品的核心架构特点,这样才能使你得出最合理的答案。众所周知,目前市场上有许多个CPU的产品系列,它们分别对应着各个级别的目标市场,你可以根据自己的不同需要选择Pentium 4, Celeron, Celeron D, Pentium M, Athlon XP, Athlon 64, Athlon FX,或者Sempron。intel的Pentium系列(除Pentium M外)和Celeron系列产品均使用了比AMD的Athlons与Sempron系列产品更多级数的流水线,这就使其能够在运行频率上超过竞争对手。而Pentium M的流水线级数则与Athlon和empron相当。最终决定你购买哪款CPU产品的一个最重要的因素其实既不是产品的主频有多高也不是核心的架构有多好,而应当是你的实际需要。你应当根据自己的主要程序应用来选择一款适合你的CPU。切记,主频并不代表一切。。。。参考资料:http://clsky.net/n14273c200.aspx
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