Aristotle (384-322 BCE)Life and Works. . Logic. . Demonstration. . Four Causes. . Metaphysics. . Universals. . Knowledge. . Virtue. . Volition. . Friendship. . Politics. . Poetics Bibliography Internet SourcesBorn at Stagira in northern Greece, Aristotle was the most notable product of the educational program devised by Plato; he spent twenty years of his life studying at the Academy. When Plato died, Aristotle returned to his native Macedonia, where he is supposed to have participated in the education of Philip's son, Alexander (the Great). He came back to Athens with Alexander's approval in 335 and established his own school at the Lyceum, spending most of the rest of his life engaged there in research, teaching, and writing. His students acquired the name "peripatetics" from the master's habit of strolling about as he taught. Although the surviving works of Aristotle probably represent only a fragment of the whole, they include his investigations of an amazing range of subjects, from logic, philosophy, and ethics to physics, biology, psychology, politics, and rhetoric. Aristotle appears to have thought through his views as he wrote, returning to significant issues at different stages of his own development. The result is less a consistent system of thought than a complex record of Aristotle's thinking about many significant issues. The aim of Aristotle's logical treatises (known collectively as the Organon) was to develop a universal method of reasoning by means of which it would be possible to learn everything there is to know about reality. Thus, the Categories proposes a scheme for the description of particular things in terms of their properties, states, and activities. On Interpretation, Prior Analytics, and Posterior Analytics examine the nature of deductive inference, outlining the system of syllogistic reasoning from true propositions that later came to be known as categorical logic. Though not strictly one of the logical works, the Physics contributes to the universal method by distinguishing among the four causes which may be used to explain everything, with special concern for why things are the way they are and the apparent role of chance in the operation of the world. In other treatises, Aristotle applied this method, with its characteristic emphasis on teleological explanation, to astronomical and biological explorations of the natural world In Metafusikh (Metaphysics) Aristotle tried to justify the entire enterprise by grounding it all in an abstract study of being qua being. Although Aristotle rejected the Platonic theory of forms, he defended his own vision of ultimate reality, including the eternal existence of substance. On The Soul uses the notion of a hylomorphic composite to provide a detailed account of the functions exhibited by living things—vegetable, animal, and human—and explains the use of sensation and reason to achieve genuine knowledge.That Aristotle was interested in more than a strictly scientific exploration of human nature is evident from the discussion of literary art (particularly tragedy) in Peri PoihtikhV (Poetics) and the methods of persuasion in the ‘RhtoreiaV (Rhetoric). Aristotle made several efforts to explain how moral conduct contributes to the good life for human agents, including the Eqikh EudaimonhV (Eudemian Ethics) and the Magna Moralia, but the most complete surviving statement of his views on morality occurs in the Eqikh Nikomacoi (Nicomachean Ethics). There he considered the natural desire to achieve happiness, described the operation of human volition and moral deliberation, developed a theory of each virtue as the mean between vicious extremes, discussed the value of three kinds of friendship, and defended his conception of an ideal life of intellectual pursuit. But on Aristotle's view, the lives of individual human beings are invariably linked together in a social context. In the Peri PoliV (Politics) he speculated about the origins of the state, described and assessed the relative merits of various types of government, and listed the obligations of the individual citizen. He may also have been the author of a model PoliteiaV Aqhnawn (Constitution of Athens), in which the abstract notion of constitutional government is applied to the concrete life of a particular society.参考资料：http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/aris.htm本回答被网友采纳The second mile private( 斯 ) is many virtuous( front 384- the first 322 years), the ancient 斯吉 tower of Greece pulls the person, is greatest philosopher, scientist and one of the educatorses in ancient history in worlds.
The second mile private is many virtuous is a Platonic student, Alexander's teacher.335 B.C., he is doing Athens an is LYU3 KE4 ANG2's school, is be called free and unfettered school of thought.The mark thinks to once call the second mile private many virtuous is the most learned person in ancient philosophy in home of Greece, the boon space 斯 calls that he is ancient and Hegelian.
The second mile 斯 has another the virtuous teacher to accept the Plato, laying claim to the education is a national working talent, the school should be manage by the nation.He puts forward the thought that child's mind and body develops the stage first;Approve Athens strongly built physical stature, harmonize the education of the development, lay claim to the natural character, develop the habit and develop the reasonableness to see three headsprings of make the morals educations, but he opposes the woman education, laying claim to the " high-class" education, make the education service in leisure time.
Many virtuous whole life diligence of second mile private cures to learn, the academic research that be engaged in involves the logic to learn, the rhetoric, physics, biology, pedagogy, psychology, politics learn, economics, esthetics etc., wrote down a great deal of work, his work is an ancient encyclopedia, it is said 400-1,000, mainly have 《 the tool theory 》 , 《 metaphysics 》 , 《 physics 》 , 《 the ethics learn 》 , 《 the politics learn 》 , 《 the poem learn 》 etc..His thought brings about profound influence on mankind.He establishes the form logic to learn, abundant and developped the each branch course of the philosophy, made to science huge contribution.Usually:
The second mile private is many virtuous was born in the 斯 tower 基 of the color thunder 斯 to pull, the father is Macedonia king to resist to cure.The second mile private of 366 B.C. much is virtuous to be send to the Plato learning center study of the Athens, henceforth 20 years, second mile private many virtuous has been live in the learning center, keep to teacher's Pla to die.After Plato die, incline to because of new mastermind mathematics within more sympathetic toward Platonism of the learning center, make second mile private many virtuous not bear, leave the Athens then.
After leaving the learning center, the second mile private is many virtuous is the invitation interview Asia minor that accepted to learn the friend 赫rice 阿斯 in times before first.The 赫 rice阿斯 is the thin second ruler of the 密 of the Asia minor littoral at that time.Second mile private many virtuous still married the niece of the 赫 rice阿斯 as wife there.But in 344 B.C., the 赫 rice阿斯 is murder in a riot, second in the private is many virtuous have to leave the Asia minor, arrived the rice to lift the benefit 尼 with family together.
3 after years, second mile private many virtuous again was invoked the meeting by king the 腓 dintriver bank two a life times of Macedonia home town, become the year only the teacher of the 13- year old Alexandria at that time.Jot down according to a biographer of ancient Greece普鲁tower gram, the second mile private is many virtuous instilled morals, politics and the education of the philosophies to this future leader of worlds.We also have the reason to believe, the second mile private is many virtuous also made use of own influence, have the important function to the thought formation of the Alexandria.Exactly under secondly the mile many virtuous influence of private, the Alexandria concerns to science business very always, respecting to the knowledge very.But, the second mile private is many virtuous similar to the political standpoint of the Alexandria is not completely probably.The political view of the former is a building forthcoming say the foundation of the city nation of Greece of the 衰亡 ascend of, but the centralization empire that Alexandria afterwards build up to the Greek to just like the barbarian's invention.
Though own student is already expensive for the country king, the second mile private is many virtuous did not has been stay is nearby at the king, he decides to return to the Athens, building up own learning center, professor's philosophy.The second mile private is many virtuous have to value the teaching method very much, he opposes the inflexible teaching method, hence he usually takes the student to take a walk on the tree bordered boulevard part of the garden, the part discussion philosophy, so posterity second in the private has another the virtuous school of thought to call" free and unfettered school of thought".
The 腓 dint river bank of 335 B.C. die, the second mile private is many virtuous return to the Athens again, and built up own school there.The name( Lyceum) of the learning center kills the wolf with the Apollo sanctuary neighborhood( LYU3 KE E2斯 ) to assign name to.At this period, second in many virtuous sides of private prelect, the side composed several philosophy works.Second mile private many virtuous prelect have a habit, namely the side prelect, the side stroll in hallway and garden, exactly as it does, the philosophy of the learning center is called" free and unfettered philosophy" or" rambling philosophy".Second mile the private has another the virtuous work to also have this period a lot of, is mainly natural science concerning nature and physics and philosophies, and usage of language also want to compare Plato of 《 dialogue record 》 the unclear in meaning is many.His work is a lot of are all with the notes that prelect for foundation, some even is his student's classroom notes.So it is western and the first author of textbook that someone see second mile private is many virtuous to make. Alexander is clay-cold, Athens the person rises the governance of oppose Macedonia courageously in the beginning.Because and Alexander's relation, the second mile private is many virtuous have to escape to add but the west 斯 seek refuge because is accuse the disrespect absolute being.His learning center then hands over to the 狄奥弗 to pull the diagram of 斯 to take charge of.A year is after,322 B.C., the second mile private is many virtuous die, the reason that die is the disease of the backlog of more than a year to result in of.Was concerning him poison to death, or because of can't explain the tide phenomenon but jump into sea the hearsay of the suicide complete have no historical fact according to.
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