（歌德式）：歌德式建筑是11世纪下半叶起源于法国，13～15世纪流行于欧洲的一种建筑风格。主要见于天主教堂，也影响到世俗建筑。 歌德式建筑主要由石头的骨架券和飞扶壁组成。其基本单元是在一个正方形或矩形平面四角的柱子上作双圆心骨架尖券，四边和对角线上各一道，屋面石板架在券上，形成拱顶。采用这种方式，可以在不同跨度上作出矢高相同的券，拱顶重量轻，交线分明，减少了券脚的推力，简化了施工。 由于采用了尖券、尖拱和飞扶壁等建筑形式，哥特式教堂的内部空间高旷、单纯、统一。装饰细部也都用尖券作主题，使建筑风格与结构手法形成有机整体。 歌德式建筑以其高超的技术和艺术成就，在建筑史上占有重要地位。译文：The Gothic building originated from France in the 11 century second halves, prevailed in a kind of architectural style of Europe in the 13- 15th century. Mainly see that influences the common customs building too in Roman Catholic Cathedral.The Gothic building is mainly made up of skeleton certificate and flying in the counterfort of the stone. Its elementary cell is to make the sharp certificate of skeleton of one pair of centres of a circle on the post of a piece of square or rectangle level four corners, every one on here and there and diagonal, slabstone shelf of the roofing is on the certificate, form the vault. Adopt this way, can make high and the same certificate of arrow on different spans, the vault is light, hand in the line clearly demarcatedly, has reduced the thrust of the foot of the certificate, has simplified and constructed.Because of adopting the sharp certificate, joining and flying building forms such as the counterfort,etc. sharp, the internal space of the Gothic church is high and vast, simple and unifying. Ornamental detail all do the theme with the sharp certificate too, make the architectural style and structural tactics form organic whole.The Gothic building occupies the important position in the history of building with its superb technology and artistic achievement. 巴洛克(Baroque)一词本义是指一种形状不规则的珍珠，在当时具有贬义，当时人们认为它的华丽、炫耀的风格是对文艺复兴风格的贬低，但现在，人们已经公认，巴洛克是欧洲一种伟大的艺术风格。古典主义者认为巴洛克是一种堕落瓦解的艺术，只是到了后来，才对巴洛克艺术有了一个较为公正的评价。巴洛克艺术产生于16世纪下半期，它的盛期是17世纪，进入18世纪，除北欧和中欧地区外，它逐渐衰落。巴洛文艺术最早产生于意大利，它无疑与反宗教改革有关，罗马是当时教会势力的中心，所以它在罗马兴起就不足为奇了，可以说，巴格克艺术虽不是宗教发明的，但它是为教会服务，被宗教利用的，教会是它最强有力的支柱。概括地讲巴洛克艺术有如下的一些特点：首先是它有豪华的特色，它既有宗教的特色又有享乐主义的色彩；二是它是一种激情的艺术，它打破理性的宁静和谐，具有浓郁的浪漫主义色彩，非常强调艺术家的丰富想象力三是它极力强调、运动，运动与变化可以说是巴洛克艺术的灵魂；四是它很关注作品的空间感和立体感；五是它的综合性，巴洛克艺术强调艺术形式的综合手段，例如在建筑上重视建筑与雕刻、绘画的综合，此外，巴洛克艺术也吸收了文学、戏剧、音乐等领域里的一些因素和想象；六是它有着浓重的宗教色彩，宗教题材在巴洛克艺术中占有主导的地位；七是大多数巴洛克的艺术家有远离生活和时代的倾向，如在一些天顶画中，人的形象变得微不足道，如同是一些花纹。当然，一些积极的巴洛克艺术大师不在此例，如鲁本斯、贝尼尼的作品和生活仍然保持有密切的联系。巴洛克一词的起源，有两种说法影响很大。意大利B.克罗齐等人认为源出于Baroco，原本是逻辑学中三段论式的一个专门术语；另一说认为源出于葡萄牙语baroco或西班牙语barrueco，意为各种外形不规则的珍珠，引申为“不合常规”。17世纪末叶以前最初将巴洛克运用于艺术批评，泛指各种不合常规、稀奇古怪，也就是离经叛道的事物。18世纪用作贬义，一般指称违背自然规律和古典艺术标准的情况。一直到19世纪中叶都是用于贬义而非艺术风格的名称。1888年H.韦尔夫林发表《文艺复兴运动与巴洛克》一书，对巴洛克风格作了系统论述，从此确定了巴洛克作为一种艺术风格的概念。20世纪西方学者对巴洛克作了更为深入的研究，赋予它不同的意义，但当做一种艺术风格理解仍是主流。巴洛克建筑是17～18世纪在意大利文艺复兴建筑基础上发展起来的一种建筑和装饰风格。其特点是外形自由，追求动态，喜好富丽的装饰和雕刻、强烈的色彩，常用穿插的曲面和椭圆形空间。 译文：Baroque (Baroque) A word original meaning referred to a kind of pearl with irregular form, had a derogatory sense at that time, it was magnificent that people thought it at that time, the style shown off was belittling to the Renaissance style, but now, people have already generally acknowledged, Baroque is a kind of great artistic style in Europe. Classicism person thinks Baroque is art that a kind of degeneration disintegrates, just later on, just have a comparatively just appraisal on Baroque's art. Baroque art evolve from half under the 16 century, to hold issue the 17th century, enter the 18th century it, besides North Europe and Central European area, it declines gradually. Barlow's gentle art evolves from Italy, it, undoubtedly with having something to do with the Reformation first, Rome taught the centre of the force at that time, so it rose in Rome it was not at all surprising, we can say bar doses of grams of art although whom religion invent, it for teach, serve, utilized by the religion, it is it to teach the most strong pillar. Have the following some characteristics to explain Baroque's art briefly: It is it that has luxurious special at first, it has both special of the religion and color of hedonism; Second, it is art of a kind of passion, it is harmonious that it breaks rational tranquility, have strong romantic color, emphasize very much the artist's abundant imagination three is its doing one's utmost to emphasize, sport, sports and the change can be said to be the soul of Baroque's art; Fourth, it pays close attention to the space sense of the works and three-dimensional effect very much; Fifth, its is comprehensive, Baroque's art emphasizes the art form comprehensive means, for example pay attention to building and carving, synthesis of painting on the building, in addition, Baroque's art has absorbed some factors and imaginations in fields such as literature, drama, music,etc. too; Sixth, it has dense religious color, the religious subject matter occupies the leading status in Baroque's art; Seven is that great majority Baroque's artist have inclination far away from life and the times, if paint, image of people become insignificant, like some pattern in some zenith. Certainly, maestro of Baroque that some is positive is an exception, such as works and life of the Buddhist nuns of Buddhist nun of Reubens, shellfish still keep having close connections. The origin of a word of Baroque, two kinds of statements exert a tremendous influence. Crow, B. of Italian, wait for someone, think source out of Baroco, three a buzzword of theory type in the logic originally together; Another say, think source out of Portuguese baroco or Spanish barrueco, mean various appearance irregular pearl, amplification is "Do not conform to the routine ". Applied Baroque to art criticism initially before last years of a century of the 17th century, referred to various in general and did not conform to routine, strange and eccentric, only guilty of heterodoxy things. Used as the derogatory sense in the 18th century, generally censure the situation of violating natural law and classical artistic criterion. Until used for the names of the derogatory sense but not artistic style in middle period of the 19th century. Of H. Weill forest publish " Renaissance and Baroque " book 1888 year, act as system expound the fact to Baroque style, confirmed Baroque as the concept of a kind of artistic style from then on. The western scholar did deeper research to Baroque in the 20th century, gave it different meanings, it is understood to be still a mainstream but regard as a kind of artistic style. Baroque building is a kind of architecture and ornamental style developed on the basis of Italian Renaissance architecture in the 17- 18th century. Its characteristic is that an appearance is free, pursue the trends, is fond of rich decorating and carving, strong color, daily curved surface and oval space that weave in.“罗马式”一词，系指一种艺术风格，盛行与10-12世纪，基于罗马，拜占庭和叙利亚的影响。 早期罗马式作品兼有加洛林和奥托王朝风格的要素，后来欧洲各地逐渐形成这种风格的地方性特色。1054年东西教会大分裂后，西派教会势力增强，欧洲各地竞相兴建或修复教堂和修道院。 罗马式艺术在1075-1125年间达到高潮。在爱尔兰和英格兰的早期基督教艺术（8-10世纪）中。吸收北方异教徒和创造性主题组成的曲线风格。特别重要的实例是十字架和教会手抄本，其中的几何形和生物装饰巧妙地交织在一起，变化无穷。这时期中受教会支持的克尔特，撒克逊和英格蓝诸流派的作品中，可以看到明显的差异。 一 建筑其典型特征是拉丁十字布局，交错拱顶，墙体巨大而厚实，墙面用连列小券，门窗洞用同心多层小圆券，以减少沉重感。窗户较小，内部空间的气氛阴暗而神秘。在门楣中心（门上方楣和拱间的部分）通常有取材于〈旧约〉，衬以异物和动物形象以及装饰浮雕，拉文纳的中心式建筑样式被仿效。 随着建筑的发展，中厅越来越高，为减少和平衡高耸的中厅上拱脚的横推力，并使拱顶适应于不同尺寸和形成的平面，它的贡献不仅在于把沉重的结构与垂直上升的动势结合起来，而且在于它在建筑史上第一次成功地把高塔组织到建筑的完整构图之中。〈比萨大教堂〉是意大利罗马建筑的著名实例。始建于1063年，它继承了古罗马长方形会堂的形式，逼供年切运用了传统的科林斯式柱式，不设立中庭，外墙用磨光的大力士贴面，逐层用修长纤巧的柱子和连拱装饰，使建筑的外部与内部一样华美。 二 雕刻和绘画渗透诸种表现主义的倾向。是这时绘画和雕塑的共同属性。纪念性雕塑是罗马时期最重要的人像艺术，它以柱头浮雕和大门缘记录了历史和教义，激发一般缺乏写实感。 自教会训诫的概念化内容的大大削弱了视觉的真实性，在僵硬的形体中，显示出宗教的热情和兴奋，带有日耳曼集合形的遗风。在以动植物为题材的中楣，柱头，侧壁的装饰雕刻上，表现出变形和风格化的倾向。体积塑造方法出自与加洛林王朝手抄本上的原形。 罗马艺术家竭力仿效这些现象。残存的可仁嵌扳中（mandorla）有几副描绘嫉妒的壁画。为了凑嵌扳的空间，比例做任意的处理，平面的，细小的基督形象是神秘的和有预示性的。译文：" Rome type "A word, is a kind of artistic style, prevail with the 10-12th century, are based on Rome, Byzantine and Syrian influence.The early Rome type works have key element with Lorraine and style of Otto imperial court concurrently, later on all parts of Europe form the local characteristic of this style gradually. Things teach heavy split, 1054 year, the west send, teach force strengthen, Europe all parts build or repair church and convent competitively.Rome type art reaches a climax within 1075-1125 years. In Irish and early Christianity's art of England 'The 8-10th century)China. Absorb the curve style that the northern pagan and creative theme make up. Very important embodiment is the cross and teaches the handwritten book, geometirc shape and living beings among them interweave together ornamental and ingeniously, it is infinite to change. Taught grammed that is supported specially in this period, spread it in the works of one gram of modest and Ingle's blue schools, can see obvious difference.A building Its typical characteristic is the overall arrangement of Latin cross, interlock in the vault, the wall is enormous and thick, wall by tabulating the low certificate in succession, the hole use the concentric little multi-layer round certificate in the doors and windows, in order to reduce the heavy sense. The window is relatively small, but the atmosphere dark of the internal space is mysterious. In the center of goal post 'The lintel and part while joining) above the doorUsually draw materials in , line it with with the foreign matter and vivid and ornamental relief of animal, the centre type building design of drawing the document and receiving is imitated.With the development of building, the Room of China is higher and higher, in order to reduce and balanced and towering horizontal thrust of hitting and joining the foot on the drawing room, accommodate vault to different size and level formed, its contribution not merely lies in combining heavy structure with tendency of moving of rising vertically, and lie in it reaches the organization of high tower in the intact composition of building successfully for the first time in the history of building.It is a famous embodiment of the building of Rome of Italy. Established in 1063, it inherited the form of the ancient rectangle assembly hall of Rome, extorted a confession and cut and used the traditional Corinth type column type every year, the front yard, stick the surface with the weight-lifter polishing it in the outer wall, chase storey with the slender and dainty post and join in succession ornamentally in not setting up, enable outside of the building and internal the same aureole.Two carve and painting Permeate the inclination of all kinds of expressionism. Common attribute of painting at this moment and sculpture. The period most important image art that the commemorative sculpture is Rome, it recorded history and religious doctrine with relief of column cap and gate reason, stimulate and generally lack the sense of writing or painting realistically.Teach the visual authenticity of weakening greatly of content of dealing in generality admonished by oneself, of stiff physique, demonstrate religion enthusiasm and excited, there is custom left by a preceding generation of graceful set shape of ear. In the central lintel taking animals and plants as subject matter, column cap, the ornamental carving of the side wall is had, demonstrate stylized inclination out of shape. The volume moulds the method to come from and add the true features on the handwritten book of imperial court of Lorraine.The Rome artist does one's utmost to imitate these phenomena. The remaining one can benevolence is inlaid while pulling(mandorla) Several pairs describe the jealous mural painting. In order to gather inlaying the space pulled, do arbitrary treatment in proportion, the level, tiny Christ's image is mysterious with having indicating nature. dear 妮妮doll我费了一下午时间才做完哦！一定要给我多加分哦，么么。真的很辛苦啊，我在上班哦，要是被老板发现我可就惨啦，o(∩_∩)o...
|
